Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Biography

Great personalities are not born every day; they are born once in a century and are remembered for millennials to come. One such great personality that we will always be proud of is APJ Abdul Kalam. His full name was Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

Kalam was the eleventh President of India, serving from 2002 to 2007. He was born on May 15, 1931, in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics as well as aeronautical engineering. In 2002, APJ Abdul Kalam was chosen as India’s 11th President, Having backing from both the ruling Bharatiya Janata as well as the opposing Indian National Congress After his one tenure as President, APJ Abdul Kalam resumed civilian life in teaching, writing, and public service.

APJ Abdul Kalam Wiki Profile

Full Name	Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
Birth Date	October 15, 1931
Birth Place	Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India
Parents	Jainulabdeen Marakayar and Ashiamma
Death	July 27, 2015
Political Affiliations	National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
Profession	Aerospace Scientist, Author
Awards	Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, Bharat Ratna, Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration, Veer Savarkar Award, SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
Field	Aerospace Engineering
Institutions	Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Alma Mater	St Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli (BEng), Madras Institute of Technology (MEng)
Office	Former President of India

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APJ Abdul Kalam Early Life

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was born on October 15, 1981, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage center of Rameswaram on Pamban Island. It was then in the Madras Presidency under British India and is now in the State of Tamil Nadu.

APJ Abdul Kalam’s father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque while his mother Ashiamma was a housewife. His father also owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.

APJ Abdul Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family. His family had been wealthy Marakayar traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral home.

As a young boy Kalam had to sell newspapers in order to support his family which was poverty-stricken and was surviving on a meager income.

APJ Abdul Kalam Education

APJ Abdul Kalam in his school years had average grades, however, he was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, particularly mathematics. After completing his education at Schwartz Higher secondary school, Abdul Kalam went to attend St. Joseph’s College and graduated in Physics in 1954. He then moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in the Madras Institute of Technology.

APJ Abdul Kalam as a Scientist

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, APJ Abdul Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research and Development Service. He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, however, remained unconvinced by his job at DRDO.

In 1969, APJ Abdul Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980.

APJ Abdul Kalam was also invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country’s first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development.

Abdul Kalam Achievements

Year	Awards
1981	Padma Bhushan
1990	Padma Vibhushan
1997	Bharat Ratna and Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration
1998	Veer Sarvarkar Award
2007	King Charles II Medal (Royal Society, UK)
2014	Doctor of Science (Edinburgh University, UK)

Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam’s Biography – Some Interesting Facts 

Let us now study some interesting facts about Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam:

1. His full name was Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. 
2. He was born in a Tamil Muslim Family. 
3. Kalam was a vegeterian. In his words “I was forced to become a vegetarian due to financial constraints, but I eventually came to enjoy it.” Today, I am a complete vegetarian”
4. He was India’s ‘first bachelor President.
5. He was very popular among children. 
6. Kalam’s autobiography ‘Wings of Fire was initially published in English Language but then later published in 13 other languages. 

Although the life of Abdul Kalam was filled with struggles and hardships, he rose above the adversaries to become one of the greatest scientists of modern India. His role in nation-building will be remembered till posterity.

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Rahul Gandhi Biography

On 19 June 1970, Rahul Gandhi was born in Delhi. He had spent his early childhood days in Delhi, the political centre of India, and Dehradun, a town situated in between the valley of the Himalayas and the Shivaliks. He is in charge of the party student wing National Students Union of India (NSU) and the youth wing Indian Youth Congress (IYC).
No doubt he belongs to the family of stalwarts who held important positions in Indian political history. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was his great-grandfather and the first Prime Minister of Independent India. Indira Gandhi, his great-grandmother was a very influential and powerful lady who became the first and only woman Prime Minister of India.

Rahul Gandhi Wiki Profile

Date of Birth	19 June 1970
Age (as of 2023)	53 Years
Birthplace	New Delhi, India
Zodiac sign	Gemini
Signature
Nationality	Indian
Hometown	New Delhi, India (Ancestral origin – Lusiana, Italy)
School(s)	• St. Columba’s School, Delhi, India • The Doon School, The Mall Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Note: After the assassination of his grandmother, Indira Gandhi, he was mostly homeschooled.
College/University	• St. Stephen’s College, Delhi, India • Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. • Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, U.S. • Trinity College, Cambridge, England
Educational Qualification(s)	• Bachelor of Arts from Rollins College, Florida, United States • M.Phil (Economics) from Trinity College, Cambridge, England • Studied International Relations and Politics at Harvard Note: After the assassination of his father, Rajiv Gandhi, he moved from Harvard to Rollins College, where he completed his study in International Relations and Politics.
Religion	Hinduism
Caste	Kashmiri Brahmin (Dattatreya)
Ethnicity	Indian, Italian
Blood Group	B (-ve)
Food Habit	Non-Vegetarian  Note: In an interview, he talked about his food preferences and said that he never liked jackfruit and peas.
Address	12, Tughlak Lane, New Delhi
Hobbies	Reading, Travelling, Scuba Diving, Free Diving
Controversies	• In December 2010, he was criticized for his comment that Hindu extremism is more dangerous than Islamic militancy. • In February 2014, he was criticized when his college certificate name and date did not match with what he had claimed. • In October 2012, he faced allegation for raping a girl in Uttar Pradesh along with his friends. Later, the charge was, however, dropped by the Supreme Court.  • In August 2013, he was criticized for his statement that poverty is only a “state of mind.” • In May 2011, Uttar Pradesh Police arrested him for protesting against a highway project along with farmers at Bhatta Parsaul village. • He was also charged for the corruptions in the National Herald Case.

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Rahul Gandhi Education

Rahul Gandhi completed his primary education in New Delhi and Dehradun. Later, he chose homeschooling due to some security concerns. Subsequently, Mr. Gandhi pursued his under graduation from St. Stephen’s College; and then, moved to Harvard University. After that, Gandhi was transferred to Rollins College in Florida. In 1994, Gandhi earned graduation degree and next year, he obtained M.Phil. degree from Cambridge University. I

Some Lesser Known Facts About Rahul Gandhi

• Does Rahul Gandhi smoke?: No
• Does Rahul Gandhi drink alcohol?: Not Known
• Rahul was born as the 1st of the 2 children of Rajiv Gandhi and Italy-born Sonia Gandhi in New Delhi, India.
• He is the grandson of late Indira Gandhi (Former Prime Minister of India) and Feroze Gandhi.

• He is the great-grandson of India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Because of the Sikh extremism after Indira Gandhi’s assassination, Rahul was mostly home-schooled along with his sister.
• After his father’s assassination in 1991, he shifted to Rollins College from Harvard University due to security reasons.

• After graduation, Rahul Gandhi worked at a management consulting firm in London, Monitor Group; this was his first job, and his first pay cheque was around £2500 or £3000. 
• He became one of the directors of Backops Services Private Ltd (a Mumbai-based technology outsourcing firm).
• In 2004, he announced to take part in the active politics and contested his first Lok Sabha election from Amethi constituency in Uttar Pradesh and won with a victory margin of over 1 lakh.
• Rahul Gandhi didn’t hold any position in the Indian National Congress until 2006.
• In December 2017, Rahul Gandhi was elected the President of the Indian National Congress. He was elected unopposed as no other candidate filed his nomination.
• When Rahul Gandhi visited Singapore in 2018, his government’s development (in Congress Regimes) was questioned by a journalist.
• On 21 July 2018, during his speech in parliament, he unexpectedly hugged PM Narendra Modi and winked towards party colleagues.

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Salman Khan Biography

• Salman Khan grew up in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, born to a well-established family on December 27, 1965. In the year 2023, Salman Khan will be 58 years old.
• His father, Salim Khan, is a screenwriter, and her mother is Sushila Charak, a Hindu, who changed his name to Salma Khan. Khan was educated in both religions as a child.
• Salman Khan’s father wanted him to be a cricketer, but he always wanted to be a screenwriter like his father. He even developed scripts for films like Chandramukhi and Veer, which he directed.
• He is the eldest of four siblings, which also includes two brothers and two sisters.
• Salman attended Scindia School in Gwalior and St. Stanislaus High School in Mumbai for his primary and secondary studies. After that, he enrolled at Mumbai’s St. Xavier’s College but dropped out due to a lack of interest in studies.
• He got interested in acting and, along with his friends Chunky Pandey and Sajid Khan, enrolled in Daisy Irani’s acting academy.
• Salman Khan is not married as of now (2022), yet his relationships are frequently in the news.

Salman Khan Wiki Profile

Full Name	Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan
Nickname(s)	• Sallu • Bhaijan
Profession(s)	• Actor • Producer • Entrepreneur
Physical Stats & More
Height (approx.)	in centimeters- 174 cm in meters- 1.74 m in feet inches- 5’ 8”
Weight (approx.)	in kilograms- 75 kg in pounds- 165 lbs
Body Measurements (approx.)	– Chest: 45 Inches – Waist: 35 Inches – Biceps: 17 Inches
Eye Colour	Brown
Hair Colour	Black

Salman Khan Net Worth

Salman Khan Net Worth	$320 Million
Salman Khan Net Worth In Indian Rupees	Rs. 2800 Crore
Salary	210 Crore annual
Monthly Income	14 Crore +

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Salman Khan Career

• He started his modeling career shortly after graduating from Daisy Irani’s Acting Institute, and he became a prominent model due to his outstanding abilities.
• Khan made his acting debut in the 1988 film Biwi Ho to Aisi, in which he played a supporting part and dubbed his voice.
• After that, he worked a lot and provided several audions for various films without using his father’s name to demonstrate the influence of a big name on producers.
• With his dedication and enthusiasm, he landed the main part in the film Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), which was a huge blockbuster and launched Salman to new heights of popularity.
• After the completion of Maine Pyaar Kiya, he was cast in another box-office success, Baaghi: A Rebel for Love (1990).
• Sanam Bewafa, Patthar Ke Phool, Kurbaan, Saajan, Luv, Sooryavanshi, Jagriti, Nishchay, Ek Ladka Ek Ladki, Biwi No 1, Kewal Tum, Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, and many others are among his filmography.
• Salman Khan is currently one of the highest-paid and most well-known actors globally, having acted in over a hundred films.
• Apart from performing, he presents television shows, which he started as a presenter in 2008 with his first show, 10 Ka Dum.

Cars Collections

• Lexus LX 470
• Range Rover Vogue
• BMW X6
• Audi R8
• Audi Q7
• BMW X5
• W221 Mercedes Benz S-Class
• Mercedes Benz GL-Class

Bike Collections

• Suzuki Intruder M1800 RZ limited edition
• Suzuki Hayabusa

Interesting Facts

• He believes in lucky gems and wears them both off and on-screen.
• He consumes alcohol and smokes.
• Salman was offered a negative role in Mastan Burmawala’s Baazigar (1993), but he declined, and Shah Rukh Khan was offered the role instead. The film was a big hit and a blockbuster.
• According to certain accounts, Salman is obsessed with soap, particularly soap with fruit and vegetable extract. He has quite a few of them.
• Madame Tussauds in London has a wax statue of Khan.
• The crew of the movie London Dreams grew tired of the local cuisine during the filming. Salman’s chef flew from Mumbai to London to prepare the biryani for the entire team.
• He is a brilliant painter who has created many fascinating works. He created the poster for the movie Jai Ho (2014).
• In Mumbai, one of Khan’s supporters has built a restaurant named Bhaijaanz. The interiors are decked out with Salman’s posters, and his favorite cuisines are on the menu.
• Khan’s film “Sultan (2016)” is the tenth to cross the $100 million milestones.
• Salman’s painting skills are admired by Aamir Khan, who owns some of his works.
• Khan is an animal lover as well. My Son and My Jaan are the names of Salman’s two beloved dogs. In addition, he has two beloved horses, Bhaijaan and Bajrangi.

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Ram Nath Kovind Biography

Ram Nath Kovind, (born October 1, 1945, Paraukh, Uttar Pradesh state, India), Indian lawyer and politician who served as president of India (2017– 2022). He was the second person from the Dalit caste, after Kocheril Raman Narayanan, and the first member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to hold the office.

Ram Nath Kovind Wiki Profile

Personal Life
Date of Birth	1 October 1945
Age (as of 2023)	78 Years
Birthplace	Paraukh, Kanpur Dehat district, Uttar Pradesh, India
Zodiac sign	Libra
Nationality	Indian
Hometown	Paraukh, Kanpur Dehat district, Uttar Pradesh, India
College	Kanpur University, Kanpur
Educational Qualifications	B.Com LL.B.
Family	Father– Maiku Lal (Businessman, Vaidya or Practitioner of Ayurveda) Mother– Kalawati Brothers– 4 Sisters– 3
Religion	Hinduism
Address	Raj Bhavan, Patna, Pin-800022, Bihar
Caste	Scheduled Caste (Koli – a weaver community)
Hobbies	Doing Yoga
Favourites
Politicians	Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Narendra Modi
Leaders	Mahatma Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar
Marital Status	Married
Wife/Spouse	Savita Kovind (Retired Government Employee, m.1974-present)

Marriage Date	30 May 1974
Children	Son– Prashant Kumar Daughter– Swati (Works with Air India’s Integration Department)
Money Factor
Salary/Pension (as ex-President of India)	Rs. 2.5 lakh/month + other allowances

Ram Nath Kovind Education

Kovind grew up in humble circumstances in a small agrarian village where his father farmed and ran a small grocery store. His mother died when he was a young child. After earning degrees in commerce and law from Kanpur University, he moved to Delhi in order to take the civil services examination. Although he passed, Kovind chose to begin practicing law and was admitted to the bar in 1971.

Ram Nath Kovind Career

Career as an Advocate

Ram Nath Kovind started his career in 1971 as an advocate with the Bar Council and served as the Central Government Advocate from 1977 to 1979. Between 1977 and 1978, he served as the personal assistant of PM Morarji Desai.

In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the Supreme Court of India and served as a standing counsel for the central government in the Supreme Court of India from 1980 to 1993. 

While serving as an advocate, he provided pro bono aid to the weaker sections of the society under the Free Legal Aid Society of New Delhi. 

Career as a Politician

Kovind joined the BJP in 1991 and served as the president of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002. He then served as the national spokesperson of the BJP and donated his ancestral home in Paraunkh to the RSS. He contested from Ghatampur and Bhognipur assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost on both occasions. 

Rajya Sabha MP

Kovind became a Rajya Sabha MP from Uttar Pradesh in April 1994 and served for two consecutive terms until March 2006. During his tenure, he served on the Parliamentary Committee for Welfare for Scheduled Castes and Tribes,  Home Affairs, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Social Justice and Empowerment, Law and Justice. He was also the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha House Committee. 

He has also served on the Board Management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Lucknow, and on the Board of Governors of IIM Calcutta. He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the UN General Assembly in 2002. 

Governor of Bihar

He was appointed as the Governor of Bihar in August 2015 and served on the post until 2017. His appointment on the post was criticised by CM Nitish Kumar as it came months before the 2015 state Assembly elections and the appointment was made without consulting the state government as recommended by Sarkaria Commission. 

While serving as the Governor of Bihar, he was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in the promotion of undeserving teachers, mismanagement of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.

President of India

He was nominated as the 14th President of India, won the election on 20 July 2017 and received 65.5% votes. He became the second Dalit President after K. R. Narayanan, and also is the first BJP candidate with an RSS background to be elected to the post. He took the oath as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017.

Ram Nath Kovind Wife and Children

Ram Nath Kovind tied the knot with Savita on 30 May 1974 and the couple have a son Prashant Kumar and a daughter Swati. 

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Some Lesser Known Facts About Ram Nath Kovind

• Ram Nath was born to a middle-class family in Paraukh village of Kanpur Dehat, which has a majority of Thakurs and Brahmins, with only 4 Dalit families in the village, including his family.
• His father was a “Chaudhary of Paraukh village”, a “Vaidya” (practitioner of ayurveda), an owner of a grocery and garment shops.
• He was a bright student who did his schooling from Khanpur town of Kanpur Dehat. Later, he moved to Kanpur city to pursue Commerce and Law from Kanpur University.
• After his graduation, he started preparing for the Civil Services examination in Delhi where he met ‘Jana Sangh’ leader, Hukum Chand (from Ujjain), after which he developed an interest in politics.
• He started his career as a lawyer and was enrolled as an Advocate in 1971 with the Bar Council of Delhi.
• From 1977 to 1979, he worked as a Central Government Advocate in Delhi High Court. During this period he also worked as a ‘personal assistant’ to the then Prime Minister of India, Morarji Desai.
• In 1978, he became an Advocate-on-Record of the Supreme Court of India.
• From 1980 to 1993, he worked as a Central Government Standing Counsel in Supreme Court.
• He practiced in Delhi High Court and Supreme Court for around 16 years. During this period, he played a pivotal role in providing free legal aid to the weaker sections of society, such as – SC/ST, women, needy and the poor under the aegis of “Free Legal Aid Society” in Delhi.
• In 1997, he joined the movement of SC/ST employees against the Central Government and eventually succeeded in getting those Government Orders, which were objectionable to the SC/ST employees, null and void by the passage of 3 Amendments to the Constitution of India during the first tenure of the NDA government.
• During his tenure as a Member of Parliament (MP), he worked for the upheaval of basic infrastructure for education in rural areas and construction of school buildings in Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand under MPLAD Fund.
• He was Member of following important Parliamentary Committees – Parliamentary Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes/Tribes, Parliamentary Committee on Home Affairs, Parliamentary Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas, Parliamentary Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment, Parliamentary Committee on Law and Justice, and Chairman of Rajya Sabha House Committee.
• He was also a member of the Board of Management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Lucknow, and Member of Board of Governors of Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata.
• In October 2002, he addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York, representing India.
• He has also served as the national spokesperson of BJP.
• He was the former president of BJP ‘Scheduled Castes Morcha’ and ‘All-India Koli Samaj.’
• On 8 August 2015, he succeeded Keshari Nath Tripathi as the 36th Governer of Bihar. 
• On 19 June 2017, BJP’s National President, Amit Shah, announced his name as NDA’s nominee for India’s Presidential Election.
• On 20 July 2017, after the counting of votes, he emerged victorious among the candidates. He defeated his closest rival, Meira Kumar, by securing 65% of total votes polled. He received 2930 votes with a value of 702044, whereas, Meira Kumar, received 1844 votes with a value of 367314.
• On 25 July 2017, he took the oath of office and secrecy by Chief Justice of India J S Khehar as the 14th President of India succeeding Pranab Mukherjee; he held the post till 24 July 2022 after Droupadi Murmu was elected as the 15th President of India.

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Mahatma Gandhi Biography

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in the small city of Porbandar in Gujarat (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948). He was a politician, social activist, Indian lawyer, and writer who became the prominent Leader of the nationwide surge movement against the British rule of India. He came to be known as the Father of The Nation. October 2, 2022, marks Gandhi Ji’s 153rd birth anniversary, celebrated worldwide as International Day of Non-Violence, and Gandhi Jayanti in India.

Gandhi Ji was a living embodiment of non-violent protests (Satyagraha) to achieve independence from the British Empire’s clutches and thereby achieve political and social progress. Gandhi Ji is considered ‘The Great Soul’ or ‘The Mahatma’ in the eyes of millions of his followers worldwide. His fame spread throughout the world during his lifetime and only increased after his demise. Mahatma Gandhi, thus, is the most renowned person on earth.

Mahatma Gandhi Wiki Profile

Born	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 2 October 1869 Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India
Died	30 January 1948 (aged 78) New Delhi, Dominion of India
Cause of death	Assassination (gunshot wounds)
Monuments	Raj GhatGandhi Smriti
Citizenship	British subject (until 1947)Dominion of India (from 1947)
Alma mater	Alfred High School, Rajkot (1880–1887)Samaldas Arts College, Bhavnagar (1888)Inner Temple, London (1888–1891)University College London (1888–1889)
Occupations	Lawyeranti-colonialistpolitical ethicistnon-violence activist
Years active	1893–1948
Era	British Raj
Known for	Leadership of the campaign for India’s independence from British rulenonviolent resistance
Notable work	The Story of My Experiments with Truth
Political party	Indian National Congress (1920–1934)
Movement	Indian independence
Spouse	Kasturba Gandhi​​(m. 1883; died 1944)​
Children	HarilalManilalRamdasDevdas
Parents	Karamchand Gandhi (father)Putlibai Gandhi (mother)
Relatives	Family of Mahatma GandhiC. Rajagopalachari (father-in-law of Devdas)
Awards	Time Person of the Year (1930)
Preceded by	Abul Kalam Azad
Succeeded by	Sarojini Naidu

Mahatma Gandhi Education 

When Gandhi was 9 years old he went to a local school at Rajkot and studied the basics of arithmetic, history, geography, and languages. At the age of 11, he went to a high school in Rajkot. Because of his wedding, at least about one year, his studies were disturbed and later he joined and completed his schooling.

He joined Samaldas college in Bhavnagar in 1888 at Gujarat. Later, one of his family friends Mavji Dave Joshi pursued further studies i.e. law in London. Gandhiji was not satisfied with his studies at Samaldas College and so he became excited by the London proposal and managed to convince his mother and wife that he will not touch non-veg, wine, or women.

“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight with you, then you win.” – Mahatma Gandhi

Off to London

In the year 1888, Mahatma Gandhi left for London to study law. Thereafter 10 days after arrival, he joined the Inner Temple, one of the four London law colleges, and studied and practiced law. In London, he also joined a Vegetarian Society and was introduced to Bhagavad Gita by some of his vegetarian friends. Later, Bhagavad Gita set an impression and influenced his life.

Civil Rights Movement in South Africa

In South Africa, he had a first hand experience of racial discrimination and prejudice directed at Indians and the injustice imposed on them. Gandhi himself experienced the humiliation and disgrace while in South Africa. Initially he was thrown off a train for refusing to travel in a third class coach while holding a first class ticket.

Other similar events including being barred from many hotels in South Africa moved him and encouraged him to work for Indian people there. As a result he extended his original period of stay to protest a bill passed by the South African government to deny them the right to vote.

In 1906, the Transvaal government launched a new act forcing registration of Indian population. Enraged by the act, a mass protest meeting was held in Johannesburg on 11 September in which Gandhi called on Indian people to resist the new act through non-violent and peaceful means. His methodology of Satyagraha (devotion to truth) was adopted by thousands of his followers and during the seven-year long struggle; thousands of Indians were jailed (including Gandhi), beaten and punished for striking and refusing to register.

Though the government successfully repressed the protest through its harsh methods, the impact of this protest forced the government to initiate for a compromise with Gandhi. Gandhi’s idea of non-violence and truth developed during this period.

Indian Independence struggle and Gandhi (1916-1945)

Gandhi’s Satyagraha started from Champaran and kheda, where the condition of farmers was worsened by landlords (mostly British) by imposing taxes and leaving them in an abject poverty. T he peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food crops necessary for their survival, and this led to a situation of famine there.

To end that devastating famine and poverty Gandhi organized detailed survey and study, based upon which he began leading the cleaning of the villages, building of schools and hospitals, encouraging villagers to condemn and combat many social evils including pardah and untouchability. Gandhi organized protests and strikes against the landlords that resulted in to the cancellation of the revenue hikes and collection of taxes until the famine ended.

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Mahatma Gandhi In South Africa

In May 1893 he went to South Africa to work as a lawyer. There he had a first-hand experience of racial discrimination when he was thrown out of the first-class apartment of the train despite holding the first-class ticket because it was reserved for white people only and no Indian or black was allowed to travel in the first class. This incident had a serious effect on him and he decided to protest against racial discrimination. He further observed that this type of incident was quite common against his fellow Indians who were derogatorily referred to as coolies.

Freedom and Partition of India

During world war II in 1939, Gandhi opposed the inclusion of India in the war stating that India can not be a part of the war being fought for the democratic freedom, while freedom was denied to India itself. Gandhi and other Congressmen intensified their movement for a complete freedom demanding the British to ‘Quit India’. It was the most vigorous movement in the history of Indian Independence struggle in which thousands of freedom fighters were killed, imprisoned and injured and violent clashes broke in every part of India.

Gandhi and the committee of congress were arrested on 9 August 1942, and Gandhi was held in Aga Khan Palace for 2 years. During that period his wife Kasturba Gandhi died after 18 months of prison on 22 February 1944. At the end of the world war, Gandhi called off his struggle. Time had come to see an Independent India.

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Rajnath Singh Biography

Rajnath Singh was born on 10 July 1951 in Bhabhaura, Uttar Pradesh to Ram Badan Singh and Gujarati Devi in a Raikwar Rajput family.

Rajnath Singh married Savitri Singh on 5 June 1971. The couple gave birth to two sons (Pankaj Singh and Neeraj Singh) and a daughter (Anamika Singh). Singh’s son Pankaj Singh is an MLA from Noida, Uttar Pradesh from BJP. 

Shri Rajnath Singh is one of the senior-most political leaders of the country. He started his political career as a student activist with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) and went on to become the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) National President.

He was elected to Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council in 1988 and became Education Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1991.

During his tenure as Education Minister in UP, he took some landmarks decisions like introducing the Anti Copying Act and Vedic Mathematics in the syllabus and correction of various distorted portions of history textbooks.

Rajnath Singh Wiki Profile

Birth	10 July 1951
Age	74 year (as on 2023)
Birthplace	Bhabhaura, Uttar Pradesh
Parents	Ram Badan Singh (Father), Gujarati Devi (Mother)
Alma Mater	Gorakhpur University (M.Sc. in Physics)
Wife	Savitri Singh
Children	Pankaj Singh (son), Neeraj Singh (son), Anamika Singh (daughter)
Political Party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Positions held	Minister of Defence (2019-Present) Minister of Home Affairs (2014-2019) Minister of Agriculture (2003-2004) Minister of Road Transport and Highways (1999-2000) Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (2000-2002) President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (2005-2009) and (2013-2014) President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (1988-1990)

Rajnath Singh Education

He received his primary education from a local school in his village and obtained a Master’s degree in Physics from Gorakhpur University.

Since his childhood days, he has been a staunch supporter of RSS ideology and joined Sangh at the tender age of 13 years. Before entering politics, he worked as a lecturer of Physics at K.B. Post-Graduate College Mirzapur, UP.

Political Journey of Rajnath Singh

• Rajnath Singh formally joined Indian politics in 1974.
• He became the Bharatiya Jana Sangh for the Mirzapur unit in 1974. The Bharatiya Jan Sangh was a precursor to the present Bharatiya Janata Party.
• In 1975, he was the District President of Jan Sangh and District Coordinator of the JP Movement.
• Rajnath Singh was arrested during the Emergency and imprisoned for 18 months.
• He was elected as MLA in Uttar Pradesh State Assembly in 1977.
• He was the Bharatiya Janata Party’s State Secretary in Uttar Pradesh in 1983.
• In 1984, he was the State President of Bharatiya Janata Party’s Youth Wing.
• Rajnath Singh became National General Secretary of Bharatiya Janata Party’s Youth Wing in 1986.
• He was the National President of Bharatiya Janata Party’s Youth Wing in 1988.
• He was elected Member of Legislative Council for Uttar Pradesh in 1988.
• From 1991 to 1992, he served as the Education Minister of the first BJP government in Uttar Pradesh. During his tenure, he implemented the Anti Copying Act and introduced Vedic Mathematics in the syllabus. He also introduced changes in various history textbooks.
• From 1994 to 1999, Rajnath Singh became a member of the Rajya Sabha. Also, in 1994 he served as the Chief Whip of Bharatiya Janata Party in Rajya Sabha.
• Rajnath Singh became Uttar Pradesh state President of Bharatiya Janata Party on 25 March 1997. This period saw him playing an active role in strengthening and expanding the party organization and also handling a political crisis while the Bharatiya Janata Party was leading the government.
• He was made the Union Surface Transport Minister on 22 November, 1999 in the Vajpayee Government. During this tenure he initiated the dream project of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee: National Highway Development Programme (NDHP). The project included the Golden Quadrilateral and the North South East West corridor.
• On 28 October 2000, he was inducted as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and was elected twice from the Haidargarh constituency in Barabanki as Member of Legislative Assembly.
• Rajnath Singh was made the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2002.
• He was re-elected as Member of the Rajya Sabha for the second time in 2003.
• Rajnath Singh became the Union Minister of Agriculture and Food Processing on 24 May, 2003. He introduced a few path-breaking projects like Farm Income Insurance Scheme and Kisan Call Centre.
• In July 2004, Rajnath Singh was reappointed as National General Secretary of the party.
• As a General Secretary he was in charge of two states, namely, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. His exceptional organizational skills and ability ensured the party’s victory in both the states.
• On 31 December 2005, Rajnath Singh was made the President of Bharatiya Janata Party. During his tenure as President of the party, he covered almost every nook and corner of the nation. He was also a part of the Bharat Suraksha Yatra that covered several states. The issues that were taken up were threats to internal security and the increasing terrorist activities. Issues of public interest, like escalating prices of essential commodities and grievance of farmers, were emphasized.
• Rajnath Singh was elected as Member of Parliament to the 15th Lok Sabha from the constituency of Ghaziabad in the state of in Uttar Pradesh on 16 May, 2009.
• On 7 October, 2009 he became a Member of the Committee on Ethics.
• On May 26, 2014, Rajnath Singh became the Union Minister for Home Affairs of India.

More read: Biography of Amit Shah

Biography of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in Hindi

Rajnath Singh Achievements

During his tenure as state President of Bharatiya Janata Party, the party performed well, winning 58 seats in the Lok Sabha.

In the year 2000, during his term as Surface Transport Minister, he changed the name of the emission standard EURO II to Bharat State II (BS II). This is now used in all vehicles of the nation as BS-3, BS-4 and so on.

He brought down the rate of interest on agricultural loans from 14-18% to a more reasonable 8% during his term as Agriculture Minister. He introduced Farmer Commission and launched Farms Income Insurance Scheme.

As Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, he tried to restructure the reservation format of government jobs so that the backward classes among the SC and OBC get more scope.

During his tenure as Bharatiya Janata Party President, he stressed on implementing loan facilities to farmers at 1% in the states that were run by the Bharatiya Janata Party Government and was successful in bringing it about.

He holds the credit for successfully installing the first Bharatiya Janata Party government in South India.

During his term as President of the party, the record of a political party allotting 33% posts to women, was acheieved by the Bharatiya Janata Party.

While serving as the National President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM), he wrote a book titled ‘Unemployment: Its Reasons and Remedies’.

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Atal Bihari Vajpayee Biography

Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a former veteran Indian politician, was the 10th Prime Minister of India. His Prime Ministerial tenure includes three non-consecutive terms – the first for 15 days (from 16 May 1996 to 1 June 1996), the second for a period of 13 months (from 19 March 1998 to 26 April 1999) and the third for five years (from 13 October 1999 till 22 May 2004).

Born	December 25, 1924
Died	August 16, 2018 (aged 93)
Place of Birth	Gwalior
Religion	Hindu
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Education	Graduate, M.A. (Political Science)
Marital Status	Unmarried
Profession	Writer, Politician, Poet
Important positions held	10th Prime Minister of India (19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004) Prime Minister of India (16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996) Minister of External Affairs (26 March 1977 – 28 July 1979)
Awards	Bharat Ratna (2015)Padma Vibhushan (1992)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born on December 25, 1924, into a Hindu Brahmin family in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

He won elections to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of Parliament, nine times during the course of his political career, as well as the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Parliament, twice. In several elections, he ran from four distinct states: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Gujarat. He belonged to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh party, which was founded on October 21, 1951, by Shri Syama Prasad Mookerjee. In the Balrampur Lok Sabha (parliamentary) seat of Uttar Pradesh, Vajpayee won his maiden election in 1957.

Vajpayee served as the President of the party from 1969 to 1972. Vajpayee also served as the Minister of External Affairs in 1977 when the Janata Party won the Lok Sabha elections and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was conferred upon India’s highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna on 27 March 2015.

For his ‘active participation’ in the country’s struggle for freedom, Atal Bihar Vajpayee was felicitated with Bangladesh’s Liberation War Honour by the Government of Bangladesh on 7 June 2015. Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi received the award on his political mentor’s (Atal Bihari Vajpayee) behalf from the Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid, when the former was on an official tour to the neighbouring country. He breathed his last on 16 August 2018, after a prolonged illness.

Atal Bihari Education

He completed his education at Gwalior before being accepted in 1934 to Barnagar Middle School in the Ujjain District.

He earned his undergraduate degree (B.A.) in Gwalior once more before earning his postgraduate degree (M.A.) in political science from Kanpur.

In 1039, he became a volunteer for RSS. In 1944, he was named general secretary of the Arya Samaj movement’s youth branch.

After that in 1947, he became full time worker-pracharak in RSS. He gave up studding law due to partition riots and then went to Uttar Pradesh as a vistarak (a probationary pracharak).

After that, he worked for “Rashtradharma“, the newspaper of Deendayal Upadhyaya: (a Hindi monthly), dailies Swadesh, Panchjanya (a Hindi weekly), and the Veer Arjun.

Atal Bihari Political Journey

He became active member of RSS at the age of 16 in 1942. He and his younger brother Prem arrested for 24 days during Quit India Movement.

In 1951, Vajpayee was seconded by RSS with Deendayal Upadhyaya to work for Bhartiya Janta Sangh-a Hindu right wing political party associated with RSS.

He appointed as the national secretary of the party based in Delhi. Very soon, he became a follower and aide of party leader Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.

He elected from Balrampur. In the Lok sabha Vajpayee impressed Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and he predicted that Vajpayee would become Prime Minister of India someday.

After the death of Deendayal Upadhyaya the leadership of Jana sangh passed to Vajpayee. He became the national president of Jana sangh in 1968, and ran the party along with Nanaji Deshmukh, Balraj Madhok and L.K Advani.

He arrested in 1975 during internal emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Vajpayee served as a foreign minister in Morarji Desai’s cabinet. He became first person who deliver his speech in Hindi in United Nations General Assembly.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee – as Prime Minister

In 1998 general election BJP won and Vajpayee sworn in as the prime minister.
Vajpayee government lasted 13 month until mid-1999 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) under Jayalalithaa withdrew its support.

The government lost vote of confidence in Lok Sabha by a single vote on 17th April 1999. After that, the Lok Sabha again dissolved and fresh elections were held.

The 1999 general election held after Kargil operation. BJP-led NDA won 303 seats out of 543 seats in Lok Sabha.

That was comfortable and stable majority. Again, that time Vajpayee took oath as the prime minister of India third time on 13th October 1999.

In 2003, news reports suggested sharing of leadership between Prime Minister Vajpayee and Deputy Prime Minister L.K.Advani.

When Atal Bihari Vajpayee threatened retirement, party president Naidu backtracked, announcing that the party would contest the elections under the twin leadership of Vajpayee and Advani.

Positions held by Atal Bihari Vajpayee

1. In 1957, he was elected as a member of the 2nd Lok Sabha.
2. From 1957 to 1977, he was the Leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the Parliament.
3. In 1962, he became a member of the Rajya Sabha.
4. From 1966 to 1967, he was the Chairman of the Committee on Government Assurances.
5. In 1967, he was elected as a member of the 4th Lok Sabha for the second term.
6. From 1967 to 1970, he remained the Chairman of the Committee on Public Accounts.
7. From 1968 to 1973, he served as the President of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
8. In 1971, he was elected as a member of the 5th Lok Sabha for the third term.
9. In 1977, he was elected as a member of the 6th Lok Sabha for the fourth term.
10. From 1977 to 1979, he was the Union Cabinet Minister of External Affairs.
11. From 1977 to 1980, he was one of the founders and members of the Janata Party.
12. In 1980, he was elected as a member of the 7th Lok Sabha for the fifth term.
13. From 1980 to 1986, he was the President of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
14. From 1980 to 1984, in 1986 and from 1993 to 1996, he was the Leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament.
15. In 1986, he became the member of the Rajya Sabha. He was made the member of the General Purposes Committee.
16. From 1988 to 1990, he remained the member of the Business Advisory Committee and the House Committee.
17. From 1990 to 1991, he was the Chairman of the Committee on Petitions.
18. In 1991, he was elected as a member of the 10th Lok Sabha for the sixth term.
19. From 1991 to 1993, he was the Chairman of the Committee on Public Accounts.
20. From 1993 to 1996, he was the Chairman of the External Affairs Committee. He was also the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
21. In 1996, he was elected as a member of the 11th Lok Sabha for the seventh term.
22. From 16 May 1996 to 31 May 1996, he served his first term as the Prime Minister of India.
23. From 1996 to 1997, he was the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
24. From 1997 to 1998, he was the Chairman of the External Affairs Committee.
25. In 1998, he was elected as a member of the 12th Lok Sabha for the eighth term.
26. From 1998 to 1999, he served as the Prime Minister of India for the second time. He was also the External Affairs Minister and in charge of ministries and departments that were not specifically allotted to any minister.
27. In 1999, he was elected as a member of the 13th Lok Sabha for the ninth term.
28. From 13 October 1999 to 13 May 2004, he served as the Prime Minister of India for the third time. He was also in charge of the ministries and departments that were not specifically allotted to any minister.

Also visit: Biography of Prime Minister of India

Biography of Sandeep Maheshwari in Hindi

Books written by Atal Bihari Vajpayee

• National Integration (1961)
• Dynamics of an Open Society(1977)
• New Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy (1979)
• Heal the Wounds: Vajpayee’s appeal on Assam tragedy to the Parliament (1983)
• Kucha Lekha, Kucha Bhashana (1996)
• Sekyularavada: Bharatiya Parikalpana (Da. Rajendra Prasada Smaraka Vyakhyanamala) (1996)
• Bindu-Bindu Vicara (1997)
• Rajaniti ki Rapatili Rahem(1997)
• Back to Square One(1998)
• Decisive Days (1999)
• Sakti Se Santi(1999)
• Vicara-Bindu (Hindi Edition, 2000)
• Nayi Chunauti, Naya Avasara (Hindi Edition, 2002)
• India’s Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region(2003)

Autobiographies

• India’s Foreign Policy: New Dimensions (1977)
• Assam Problem: Repression no Solution (1981)
• Atal Bihari Vaj Mem Tina Dasaka (1992)
• Pradhan Mantri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ke Chune Hue Bhashana (2000)
• Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India’s Man of Destiny (2001)

Books and albums on Poetry

• Meri Ikyavana Kavitaem(1995)
• Meri Ikyavana Kavitaem (Hindi Edition, 1995)
• Sreshtha Kabita(1997)
• Nayi Disha – An Album with Jagjit Singh (1995)
• Kya Khoya Kya Paya: Atal Bihari Vajapeyi, Vyaktitva Aur Kavitaem (Hindi Edition, 1999)
• Samvedna – An Album with Jagjit Singh (1995)
• Twenty-One Poems (2003)

Awards Won by Atal Bihari Vajpayee

• He received the Padma Vibhushan in 1992.
• In 1993, Kanpur University honoured him with D.Litt.
• He was bestowed with the Bharat Ratna Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant Award in 1994.
• He received the Best Parliamentarian Award in 1994.
• He was given the Lokmanya Tilak Award in 1994.
• He was honoured with India’s highest civilian award – the Bharat Ratna – in 2015.
• He was conferred Bangladesh’s Liberation War Honour on 7 June 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh.

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Arvind Kejriwal Biography

Arvind Kejriwal took birth on the 16th of August, 1968. He is an Indian politician, activist, and former bureaucrat who has served as Delhi’s 7th Chief Minister since February 2015. He first served as Delhi’s Chief Minister from December 2013 to February 2014, resigning after just 49 days in office. He now serves as the Aam Aadmi Party’s national convener. The party won 67 of the 70 assembly seats with a record majority in the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections. Kejriwal received the ‘Ramon Magsaysay Award’ for Emergent Leadership in 2006 in honour of his participation in ‘Parivartan’. This grassroots movement used the freedom of information laws to fight against government corruption. He gave his Magsaysay award money to the Public Cause Research Foundation, a nonprofit organization, in the same year he left government employment.

Arvind Kejriwal Wiki Profile

Current Position	CM of Delhi MLA, New Delhi constituency
DOB	Aug 16, 1968
Place of Birth	Siwani, Haryana, India
Religion	Hindu
Education	Mechanical Engineering from IIT Kharagpur
Profession before joining politics	Mechanical Engineer, Civil Services. Worked for the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) as a Joint Commissioner in the Income Tax Department.
Spouse	Sunita Kejriwal
Children	Harshita and Pulkit
Important positions held	Joint Commissioner, Indian Revenue Service (IRS) in the Income Tax Department. Chief Minister of Delhi- 28 December 2013 to 14 February 2014.
Political party	Aam Aadmi Party
Profession	Activist, Politician
Known for	India Against Corruption Jan Lokpal Bill
Awards	Ramon Magsaysay Award
Website	http://delhi.gov.in

Interesting Facts about Arvind Kejriwal

Arvind Kejriwal believes in simplicity and is a vegetarian by choice. Besides being studious, he is a fan of Bollywood actor Aamir Khan. He likes to watch comedy movies. He loves to do all his own work. Even at his workplace, he refused to use service of peon and personally cleaned his desk. Kejriwal does not celebrate his or his children’s birthdays.

Establishment of the Aam Aadmi Party

One of the main charges against the Jan Lokpal campaigners was that they lacked the authority to impose their will on the elected officials. They formally established the Aam Aadmi Party in November 2012, and Kejriwal was chosen to serve as its National Convener. The word “common man”, or “Aam Aadmi”, is reflected in the party’s name, whose interests Kejriwal sought to promote. Kejriwal and Hazare became estranged due to the creation of the AAP.

In 2013, AAP decided to run candidates for the Delhi Legislative Assembly, with Kejriwal taking on Sheila Dikshit, the current Chief Minister. In the elections lead, Kejriwal rose to the fifth-most discussed Indian political leader on social media.

Arvind Kejriwal: 2014 General Elections

After resignation, he announced that he would not contest a seat in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. But members of the party persuaded him to change his mind and as a result on 25 March, he agreed to contest against BJP prime ministerial candidate, Narendra Modi, from Varanasi. He lost the contest by around 4 lakh votes.

Arvind Kejriwal: 2015 Delhi Assembly Elections and his historic win

The Election Commission of India dissolved the Delhi Legislative Assembly after 9 months of the Governor’s Rule. That is Delhi had a date with fresh elections. He led AAP and started making strategy for the elections. 62 candidates list was released initially for the elections. Later, eight other names were added to the list. In 2012 elections, the party fielded its candidates in all 70 constituencies of Delhi as compared to 69. At that time, AAP raised funds for campaigning and also received funds from the public. Arvind Kejriwal gained popularity via social media.

In the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections, Kejriwal led Aam Aadmi Party to win 67 of the 70 constituencies, leaving the BJP with three seats and INC with none. He was again elected from the New Delhi constituency, defeated Nupur Sharma of BJP by around 31,583 votes. On 14 February, 2015, he took oath as Delhi’s Chief Minister for a second time at Ramlila Maidan. Since then his party passed the Jan Lokpal Bill though with some differences.

Read more: Biography of Narendra Modi

Biography of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Arvind Kejriwal Awards

– In 2004 Ashoka Fellow

– In 2005, the IIT Kanpur presented him with the Satyendra L. Dubey Memorial Award.

– In 2006, Ramon Magsaysay Award.

– In 2006, “Indian of the Year” award from CNN-IBN.

– In 2009, the IIT Kharagpur bestowed him with the Distinguished Alumnus Award.

– In 2009, Association for India’s development awarded him a grant and fellowship.

– In 2010, the Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence awarded Arvind Kejriwal, along with Aruna Roy, the Policy change Agent of the Year award.

– In 2011, the Indian of the Year award by NDTV to Arvind Kejriwal and Anna Hazare.

Book Written by Arvind Kejriwal

‘Swaraj’ book is written by Arvind Kejriwal. In the book, he questioned the present democratic system in India and suggests the way people can achieve true Swaraj (self-rule). The book proposes Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj or “Home-rule” model of governance.

Books Written on Arvind Kejriwal

‘A Man With a Mission – Arvind Kejriwal’ by Little Scholarz Editorial

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Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Biography

B.R Ambedkar jayanti is observed on April 14. He was known as Babasaheb. He chaired the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly. He was India’s first Minister of Law and Justice. 

Ambedkar’s Wiki Profile

Full Name	Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Born	14 April 1891
Place of Birth	Mhow, India
Died	6 December 1956
Place of Death	New Delhi, India
Resting place	Chaitya Bhoomi, Mumbai, India
Parents	Father: Ramji Maloji SakpalMother: Bhimabai Sakpal
Spouse(s)	Ramabai Ambedkar (m. 1906; died 1935)​ Savita Ambedkar ​(m. 1948)
Political party	Independent Labour Party Scheduled Castes Federation
Other political affiliations	Republican Party of India
Alma mater	University of Mumbai (B.A., M.A.) Columbia University (M.A., PhD) London School of Economics (M.Sc., D.Sc.) Gray’s Inn (Barrister-at-Law)
Profession	Jurist, economist, academic, politician, social reformer, and writer
Awards	Bharat Ratna (posthumously in 1990)
Known for or Famous for	Dalit rights movement Heading committee drafting Constitution of India Dalit Buddhist movement

Baba Saheb in the USA and the UK

The Maharaja of Baroda had a scheme to send a few outstanding scholars abroad for further studies. Of course, Bhimrao was selected – but he had to sign an agreement to serve Baroda state for ten years on finishing his studies.

In 1913, he went to the USA where he studied at the world-famous Columbia University, New York. The freedom and equality he experienced in America made a very strong impression on Bhimrao. It was so refreshing for him to be able to live a normal life, free from the caste prejudice of India. He could do anything he pleased – but devoted his time to studying. He studied eighteen hours a day.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Achievements

1. Bhimrao Ambedkar’s residence at 26 Alipur Lane in Delhi has been renovated into a monument in his remembrance.
2. He received Bharat Ratna, India’s prestigious award, posthumously (after death) in 1990.
3. Many government universities, including Dr. Ambedkar Open University in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, and B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, are named after him.
4. Nagpur’s Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, previously known as Sonegaon Airport, is located in Nagpur city.
5. A huge official portrait of Ambedkar has been displayed in the Parliament house.

More read: List of Prime Minister of India

Biography of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Ambedkar with Mahatma Gandhi

Even Though, after collaborative talks, Mahatma Gandhi and B.R Ambedkar decided to agree on a roadmap in the Pune Pact of 1932. In 1945, Ambedkar prepared a report entitled “What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables,” He questioned Mahatma Gandhi’s allegation that he favored the Hari people.

In the Prime of His Life

Babasaheb had by this time collected a library of over 50,000 books, and had a house named Rajgriha built at Dadar in north Bombay to hold it. In 1935 his beloved wife Ramabai died. The same year he was made Principal of the Government Law College, Bombay.Also in 1935 a conference of Dalits was held at Yeola.

Babasaheb told the conference: -We have not been able to secure the barest of human rights… I am born a Hindu. I couldn’t help it, but I solemnly assure you that I will not die a Hindu.” This was the first time that Babasaheb stressed the importance of conversion from Hinduism for his people – for they were only known as ‘untouchables’ within the fold of Hinduism.During the Second World War, Babasaheb Ambedkar was appointed Labour Minister by the Viceroy.

Why Ambedkar Jayanti?

The memorial of Dr. B.R Ambedkar was created to honor his commitment to human rights and the betterment of the lower section. In addition, his birth anniversary is commemorated on April 14 every year as Ambedkar Jayanti. This day is declared a national holiday too. Ambedkar Jayanti is also known as Bhim Jayanti. That surely indicates he is still remembered for his significant contribution to the country by his fellow citizens.

Constitution of India

Ambedkar highlighted the importance of creating a true bridge across all parts of society. According to B.R. Ambedkar, if the imbalances among various country sections are not bridged, it’ll be impossible to maintain the nation’s unity. And thus, his primary aim in writing the constitution was to eliminate caste prejudice and untouchability inside the country and bring a social revolution by establishing an untouchable free society and granting equality to all. He also focused on religion, gender, and caste equality. On August 29, 1947, Dr. Ambedkar was named Chairman of the Constitutional Drafting Committee.

Ambedkar also managed to win the consent of the Legislative Assembly for quotas for citizens of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in education, government positions, and public service.

Acceptance Of Buddhism

B R Ambedkar visited Sri Lanka in 1950 to take part in an intellectual conference. He was a vocal opponent of caste segregation and an outspoken critic of Hindu religious rites. And in the end, he was so moved by Buddhist principles that he decided to embrace Buddhism. A number of Buddhist scriptures were also written by him after his return to India.

Visiting Kathmandu for the Fourth World Buddhist Conference was Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. On October 14, 1956, B.R. Ambedkar convened a large assembly at which he persuaded approximately 5 lakhs of his supporters to convert to Buddhism. After his passing on December 2, 1956, he completed his final piece, “Buddha or Karl Marx,” which was afterwards published.

Baba Saheb Monuments, Awards,

1. Bhimrao Ambedkar’s residence at 26 Alipur Lane in Delhi has been renovated into a monument in his remembrance.
2. He received Bharat Ratna, India’s prestigious award, posthumously (after death) in 1990.
3. Many government universities, including Dr. Ambedkar Open University in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, and B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, are named after him.
4. Nagpur’s Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, previously known as Sonegaon Airport, is located in Nagpur city.
5. A huge official portrait of Ambedkar has been displayed in the Parliament house.

Facts Related to Ambedkar

1. B. R. Ambedkar introduced the Ashoka Chakra on the Indian flag.
2. Bhimrao Ambedkar mastered nearly all religions until he was 21 years old.
3. Ambedkar was the first Indian who visited foreign to complete his Ph.D. in economics.
4. R. Ambedkar served as India’s first law minister after independence.
5. R. Ambedkar fought election for the Lok Sabha two times but was defeated.
6. Bhimrao Ambedkar was not happy with the imposition of Article 370 in Kashmir, and thus he opposed it.
7. B R Ambedkar was a Labour Viceroy’s Executive Council member. He proposed and altered the actual working hour in the industry to 8 hours which was previously at least 12-14 hours.
8. Babasaheb was also a great reader, and it is said that his private collection of the book contained over 50 thousand books, which might have been the world’s largest book collection.
9. While adopting Buddhism and quitting the Hindu religion, Ambedkar made 22 commitments, out of which in one he said, he would never worship Krishna and Rama, who are believed to be the avatars of God.
10. Ambedkar was B R Ambedkar’s original surname. However, Mahadev Ambedkar, B.R Ambedkar’s instructor, who liked him immensely, changed his surname in academic records and made it as Ambedkar.

B. R. Ambedkar’s Death

Dr. Ambedkar was very worried about his worsening health between the years 1954 and 1955 when he was diagnosed with diabetes, blurry visual acuity, and a variety of other disorders, all of which were causing his health to be at risk. Due to his deteriorating health, he died on 6^th December 1956.

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Kamala Harris Biography & Wiki Profile

October 20, 1964 (age 58) Career: U.S. Senate, 2017-present
Attorney general of California, 2011-2016
District attorney of San Francisco, 2003-2011 State: California Party: Democratic

Education: Howard University
University of California, Hastings College of Law

Kamala Harris became the first woman who assumes the office of the Vice-President of the United States. It was a historic moment in the history of the United States as Harris was the first Indian-American, the first African-American woman the Asian-African descent and the first graduate of an HBCU. Harris is well known for breaking barriers. She has lent her voice to healthcare reform, progressive tax reform, a ban on assault weapons, the dream act, and federal de-scheduling of cannabis. She rose to prominence for thorough questioning of officials from the Trump Administration in a Senate hearing that included Brett Kavanaugh, a Supreme Court nominee charged with sexual assault.

Kamala Harris Family

• Name: Kamala Harris
• Other name: Kamala, Kamala Devi
• Original name: Kamala Devi Harris
• Age: 59 years (2023)
• Gender: Female
• Birthdate: the 20th of October 1964
• Nationality: American
• Zodiac: Libra
• Place of Birth: Oakland, California, United States
• Popular for First Woman to be Vice-President of United States
• Occupation: Politician, Lawyer
• Mother: Shyamala Gopalan
• Father: Donald Harris
• Sister: Maya Harris
• Date of Marriage: the 22nd of August, 2014
• Husband Name: Douglas Emhoff

Kamala Harris Education

• School: Westmount High School
• University/Colleges
  1. Howard University (1986)
  2. UC Hastings College of Law (1989)
• Degree: Doctor of Jurisprudence

Physical Statistics and Measurement

• Weight: 55kg
• Height: 157 cm
• Hair Color: Brown
• Eye Color: Black

Kamala Harris Speeches

1. Vice President Kamala Harris Remarks at Tyre Nichols Funeral – Feb. 1, 2023
2. Tennessee State University Commencement Address – May 7, 2022
3. Remarks on United States Capitol Attack Anniversary – Jan. 6, 2022
4. National Congress of American Indians Annual Convention Address – Oct. 12, 2021
5. Commencement Address at the U.S. Naval Academy – May 28, 2021
6. Derek Chauvin Verdict Remarks – Apr. 20, 2021
7. Status of Women is the Status of Democracy – March 2021
8. American Rescue Plan Announcement – March 12, 2021
9. International Women’s Day Remarks – March 8, 2021
10. Response to United States Capitol Attack – Jan. 7, 2021
11. Presidential Victory Speech – Nov. 7, 2020
12. Barrett Supreme Court Confirmation Hearing Opening Statement – Oct. 12, 2020
13. Vice Presidential Debate – Oct. 7, 2020
14. Counter to Republican National Convention – Aug. 27, 2020
15. Vice Presidential Nomination Acceptance Democratic National Convention Speech – Aug. 19, 2020

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Kamala Harris Honorary Degrees

Degree	School	Date	Location
Doctor of Laws	University of Southern California	On the 15th of May, 2015	California
Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)	Howard University	On the 13th of May, 2017	District of Columbia

2020 Presidential Election

Harris has always been a top candidate for the 2020 Democratic nomination for the President. Harris pitched her candidature for President of the United States on the 21st of January 2019. After the announcement of her candidature, she raised record donations. According to police, around 20000 people registered to witness her campaign launch event in California on the 27th of January.

Harris decided to keep herself out of the 2020 Democratic nominations due to a shortage of funds and supported Joe Biden as the Presidential candidate.

Kamala Herris Award and Honors

• Harris was awarded Thurgood Marshall Award by National Black Prosecutors in 2005
• Newsweek, in its report, that she counts in the 20 of America’s Most Powerful Women.
• Time magazine named both this duo as Time Person of the year for 2020

Kamala Herris Political Achievments

Kamala Harris Speaks About Beau Biden – Aug. 20, 2020
Kamala Harris is for us – Aug. 19, 2020
Vice Presidential Announcement – Aug. 12, 2020
The Antidote to Trump – Nov. 20, 2019
Me, Maya, and Mom – Aug. 9, 2019
President Obama: Kamala Harris is a Fearless Fighter – Oct. 24, 2016
Fearless for the Children – Oct. 11, 2016
Los Niños – Oct. 11, 2016
Fearless for Students – Oct. 10, 2016
Strong – May 31, 2016
It’s Kamala! – May 24, 2016
¡Sí se puede! – May 13, 2016
Fearless for the People – May 13, 2016
Fearless – May 13, 2016

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